The Modern Mosaic - 951 Words

The modern mosaic differs greatly from the medium’s ancient form. Once composed of uniform pebbles in unstructured compositions, it wasn’t until the 8th century BCE when the Greeks began developing mosaics to form decorative and artistic designs. Using the small pebble technique the ancient Greeks used strategic placement of the varying shades and colors to create geometric patterns and detailed scenes including depictions of a variety of flora and fauna. As the practice of art developed in the Greek empire the development of the tesserae technique by 200 BCE began to generate more complex and detailed mosaic pieces, which more closely imitated paintings. Tesserae is the use of small pieces of glass, stone, tile, or other materials to create a unified image in a mosaic. The techniques of the Greeks to use in mosaics soon began to spread to through Italy but especially hit in Rome. An Important preserved mosaic from this period that makes use of the tesserae technique i s The Alexander Mosaic. The Alexander Mosaic utilizes the minuscule pieces of material to create highly detailed complex portraits in a emotive and action filled composition. Created in c. 101 BCE the Alexander Mosaic was discovered in the House of Faun, located in the ruins of Pompeii, Italy c. 1831 during an excavation. The ancient mosaic has many large patches of missing composition but the majority that remains contains many detailed portraits of human and animals fully entrenched in the throesShow MoreRelatedByzantine Art: The Transfiguration of Christ Mosaic in Saint Catherines Monastery1377 Words   |  6 Pageswere transformed into Christian buildings. These buildings housed countless numbers of priceless religious artworks. One such example is the Transfiguration of Christ mosaic located in Saint Catherine s Monastery in Sinai, Egypt. When Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople (modern day Istanbul), the Empire separated. Upon the division of the Roman Empire, Justinian, The Last Roman Emperor, held power over the Eastern Roman Empire from 527 toRead MoreAncient Art With A Modern Twist1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Four Seasons Mosaic: Reinstallation - Ancient Art with a Modern Twist The Four Seasons were originally hung in four separate panels on the wall of the Mediterranean Court, where they remained until 1990. At this time, the Ancient Collection was being r reinstalled. which brought up questions aboutplacement of the mosaics, still in separate pieces. It was decided that in order to present the mosaics in a manner more in keeping with their original context, they needed to be removed from the wallRead MoreThe Yale University Art Gallery946 Words   |  4 Pageshemisphere houses a huge collection of art occupying several buildings of the University. The Main building of the Gallery was built in 1953, and was among the very first designs of Louis Kahn who taught architecture at Yale. Kahn sought to give the modern post WWII architecture a monumentality, when designing the gallery. His choice of materials such as heavily textured bricks and bare concrete contrasts with the much more delicate and refined surfaces inside the build as well as the huge glass wi ndowsRead MoreThe Fluid Mosaic Model Using An Online Dictionary1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of the fluid mosaic model using an online dictionary is that it is used for cell membranes and their flexible structure of lipid and protein molecules which are interspersed throughout the phospholipid bilayer. [The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, 2005]. The fluid mosaic model was proposed in 1972 for providing a description on structures within cell membranes of both plant and animal cells. Since the proposal of this model of membrane structure, it has beenRead MoreMosaics1404 Words   |  6 PagesSUBJECT: Art Architecture TOPIC: Mosaics Introduction A simple form of art, Mosaic uses hundreds of small tile or pottery pieces to build large pictures and images either on the floor or on walls. The tiny little pieces of tile are known as tesserae. This technique has been adopted by many cultures throughout such as in Rome, Greece and in Middle East. The technique used in its cladding is very effective due to which this art form is long lasting Popular belief states that the Middle easternRead MoreThe History of Christian Art and Structure740 Words   |  3 Pagesconsists on usage of the mosaic techniques to create episodes of Christianity life in big Structural buildings with amazing decorations like marble columns, mosaic vaults, gold ceilings and Stone pavements. It’s defined by large open spaces that are painted and decorated with mosaics representing Christian subjects. The first Byzantine architecture was based on a new building called basilica. The architecture of the basilica , (latin name for church) and mosaics are a very important achivementRead MoreThe Old Testament Law And The Gospel1225 Words   |  5 Pagesamong modern theologians remains unattainable, producing a spectrum of views on the subject. Contention primarily arises over obedience to â€Å"customary laws,† principally the requirement for Christians to observe the Sabbath. While brevity excludes a thorough examination of the subject, this essay will laconically detail the relationship between the law and the Christian believer, arguing (1) the Mosaic Law cannot be divided and categorized as some have suggested, and (2) adherence to the Mosaic LawRead MoreThe Hippocratic Oath, First, Do No Harm 1380 Words   |  6 PagesIjeoma Unachukwu Culture and Health Professor Gezmu Fall 2014 The Mosaic The Hippocratic Oath, is â€Å"First, do no harm†. Being a doctor is a profession solely dedicated to helping others, but what about when helping hurts? Often times the doctor doesn’t fully understand the patient due to a language or cultural barrier. A misunderstanding between the doctor and the patient can cause the patient to mistrust and discount everything the doctor says. The only thing worse than a noncompliant patient isRead MoreHammurabis Code: Just or Unjust?1585 Words   |  7 Pageslaws became known as â€Å"the Code of Hammurabi.† Carved upon a black stone eight feet high where everyone could read them, this Code was an improvement from previous lawless dynasties. However, these laws—compared to some other ancient laws such as the Mosaic Law and Roman Justinian Code—were unfair, unjust, and based on the social classes. Hammurabi’s laws were based on the harsh â€Å"eye for eye, tooth for tooth† mentality of the ancient era, requiring a death penalty for many slight offenses. For exampleRead MoreApplication Of Modern Ministry Settings925 Words   |  4 PagesApplication to Modern Ministry Settings Many of the laws concerning justice and righteousness do not seem to be directly relatable to our culture today. For this reason, it is necessary to extract from the text of the Mosaic Law principles that can be employed in modern Christian ministry settings. The primary motivation for doing acts of justice and righteousness is the same today as it was for the nation of Israel. God has shown his grace to us and rescued us from our oppressors; he has worked

The Hunger Games Movie Review Essay - 984 Words

The Hunger Games 2012 movie Review The 2012 American science fiction film directed by Gary Ross is noted to be one of the most exciting motion pictures of its time. It became the first of a series of other films under the same name based on the fictional novels by Suzanne Collins, similarly using the same title. The film story is seen to take place in community where ferocity and atrocious behaviors are the only means by which members know. The hunger games movie is a thrilling, moving, intensely-felt epic filmmaking. The movie provides the audience with a brief background where a thirteenth district was in existence but was destroyed approximately 75 years prior to the present time by the Capitol. The basis of the film is seen to arise where members of the communities in these 12 districts experience consistent occurrence of food shortage. However, at one point the people were tired of the dictatorial rule of the Capitol and staged a revolt that failed to materialize any benefit for them. Alternatively, the seat of power issued the communities with somewhat of a pardon whereby all the districts would provide a boy and a girl each year to fight to the death in a televised contest (Outlaw). Each individual chosen for this contest would have to fight to be the only survivor. As the contest wears on, each â€Å"tribute† is seen to gain a legion of followers and fans from their respective districts. Many of those chosen to participate in these â€Å"Hunger Games† are usually petrified ofShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : The Hunger Games 1343 Words   |  6 Pagespopular book and movie, the Hunger Games, in which both describe young Katniss Everdeen’s journey from an oppressed district to the capital to face the infamous â€Å"hunger games†. Though the theme and the storyline are the same, the book and the movie diverges in many circumstances, including censorship, effects, action, plot, and even the characters. Though there were differences in the detail that Suzanne Collins and the director of the movie went into, both the plots of the movie and the book areRead MoreSociology of Hunger Games1719 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Sociology of â€Å"Hunger Games† By. Tom ************ Soc 101 11/17/13 Introduction The nation of Panem has risen out of the ravaged ruins of what was once known as North America. 74 years ago, the poverty-stricken districts of Panem rebelled against the wealthy, controlling the Capitol. After its crushing victory, the Capitol devised the Hunger Games as an annual reminder to the twelve districts of its authority, and as continuing punishment for the rebellionRead MoreSummary Of The Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins961 Words   |  4 Pages Hunger Games Review As I read The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the story seemed familiar on a personal level although I had never read the book or saw the movie before. The descriptions of the lives of teenagers Cato, Katniss, Peeta, and Gale and their battle scenes was like a mixture of video-war games, ancient Roman gladiator battles, and some reality TV shows I’ve watched. The story made me think about almost any video war game because when you defeatRead MoreHunger Games vs.Holocaust Essay examples1273 Words   |  6 Pages2012 The Hunger Games: and the role of Dehumanization The concept of dehumanization has applied to various religions, races, and nationalities throughout history.  Jews have been persecuted throughout history.  They were first enslaved during biblical times then during the Second World War they were sent to death  camps.      Dehumanization allows powerful people to make tough decisions in a more distant, cold, and rational manner (252 Haslam). In the fictional novel The Hunger Games, Selected teenagersRead MoreAnalyzing the Hunger Games Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pagesnumber of media companies (Horne, 2001; Mantsios, 2013). The Hunger Games (2012), directed by Gary Ross, is no different in the way that it lures the audience to anticipate and praise the film but lacks to extrapolate the subtle message of class inequality to its audience. Additionally the film fails at thoroughly considering class division and challenging race relations and hints subtly, but significantly, at racial inequality. The Hunger Games film, based on the books written by Suzanne Collins, hasRead MoreFilm Review-Hunger Games3033 Words   |  13 PagesThe Hunger Games Review and Critique The Hunger Games is a fantasy adventure love story about a young girl from a poor district who volunteers to take her sister place to fight to the death in the 74th Annual Hunger Games in the country’s capitol city. â€Å"Every year in the ruins of what was once North America, the evil Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of its twelve districts to send a teenage boy and girl to compete in the Hunger Games.   A twisted punishment for a past uprising and anRead MoreDivergent by Veronica Roth785 Words   |  3 Pagesfeel of the dystopian genre in young adult fiction. It has a feeling similar in comparison to the book Hunger Games and The Maze Runner yet it has many differences. Divergent looks more into the personality of its characters from the inside and the resulting struggles they deal with when figuring out their identities and futures to a completely different level. Goodreads says in one of its reviews, â€Å"One choice. One choice decides your friends, defines your beliefs, and determines your loyalties†¦foreverRead MoreThe Fifth Symphony By Ludwig Van Beethoven1561 Words   |  7 Pagesheld a concert to debut his pieces, but it did not go as well as planned. The audience was bored and tired from sitting in the auditorium too long that their interest level decreased. It was not until a critic by the name of E.T.A Hoffmann wrote a review analyzing the symphony, in order to show his readers the particular affects Beethoven used to create his music. The symphony soon began its popular status as being the central item in that time period. The overall expression of this piece is aboutRead More The Hunger Games Trilogy Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Happy Hunger Games! And may the odds be ever in your favor.†, a very well known quote from the book series The Hunger Games (The Hunger Games, Pg 19). The Hunger Games Trilogy written by Suzeanne Collins has become enormously popular. The Hunger Games, Catching Fire, and Mockingjay are the three works that make up the series. A major motion picture was released titled The Hunger Games, after the first book in the series, and it instantly became a box office hit. Those who have not read the booksRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Hunger Games 2215 Words   |  9 PagesChange in Feminism in the Cinema World The Hunger Games which is directed by Garry Ross is story in land of Panem which has grown out of the cadaverous ruins of what one time was known as North America, 74 years ago. The capitol introduced the hunger games as a reminder to the twelve districts of its authority and punishment for rebellion. Every year a boy and a girl from each district, who are known as Tributes, and they are of aged between 12 and 18. The names are chosen randomly in reaping ceremonies

Extremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Foer

Nostalgia. Living in the past. People can feel these emotions when they are grieving someone, an event, or when they want to relive a moment that has been left behind in the past. Unfortunately, memories are short-lived and therefore it is against our nature to try and prevent them from slipping away. No one can go back in time and change what has taken place nor can anyone skip ahead to the future to prevent an outcome. However, reliving the past can not only make someone expressive and emotional but also over-analytical. Although portrayed as an emotionally sensitive mess, Thomas Schell Sr. in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Foer is actually just over analytical of his past experiences. The life of Thomas Schell Sr. has been an eventful and emotional rollercoaster. His past experiences in Germany still loom over his current life. Years ago, he fell in love with a girl named Anna, and eventually Anna became pregnant with their child. Simultaneously during this time period, Germany was participating in World War II, and the town of Dresden was bombed. In this bombing, Thomas lost the love of his life, his unborn child, and his family. After countless searches for Anna and their unborn child, Thomas had to move on with his life and immigrated to the United States. As he began to settle in the United States, he gradually started to lose his ability to speak. The first word he lost was â€Å"Anna† and the last was â€Å"I†. His main form of communication afterwards wasShow MoreRelatedExtremely Loud Incredibly Close By Jonathan Foer1238 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I don’t speak. I’m sorry,† (Foer 30) is a phrase frequently written by Th omas Schell Sr., a character in Extremely Loud Incredibly Close, after he survives the traumatic Dresden bombing. Extremely Loud Incredibly Close by Jonathan Foer explores a different traumatic experience, the effect of Thomas Jr.’s death in 9/11 on his son Oskar. After his father’s death, Oskar seeks understanding and comfort in his search for the lock to fit the key left to him by his father. Similarly, Bruce Springsteen’sRead MoreExtremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer1712 Words   |  7 Pages3 Parallel Events: Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close The book Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close contains many aspects of the real-life hardships of 9/11 and the Holocaust, as well as the mystery of the Sixth Borough of New York. These events help create a better understanding of life under the influence of conflict and the choices characters are forced to make as a result of the conflict. Jonathan Safran Foer s novel focuses on a boy named Oskar who loses his father in the destruction of theRead MoreExtremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer1118 Words   |  5 Pagesstruggles, but they are continuous in nature. They do not clearly start or begin but merely cycle through. The human experience is a shared experience that is ongoing despite the man-made structure and boundary of time. In Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer, the lives of Oskar Schell and his grandfather, Thomas Schell, are contrasted against each other. Their situations physically differ from each other, as in time and location, however, how they react to their traumatic eventsRead MoreExtremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer2081 Words   |  9 Pagesdoor only to be greeted by the messages on the answering machine from no other than his father, Thomas Schell. When the phone rings and the caller id is his father, Oskar’s world turns upside down with the simple dial tone. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer tells the compelling story of a boy named Oskar and his mission to find the Black that has the lock that fits the key. Desperately trying to piece together the fragments his deceased father left behind after 9/11 tragicallyRead More Postmodernism in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer911 Words   |   4 Pagesof postmodern works include a mixing of different genres, random time changes, and the use of technology that all aid in presenting a common postmodern theme that truth doesn’t lie in one story, place or person. The novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer encompasses these postmodern characteristics combining together show how the truth cannot always be attained. Intertwined within the novel is the presence of many different genres including letters, articles and magazineRead MoreTragedy in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer1393 Words   |  6 Pagesto see deal with grief in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. The first of which is the main narrator, nine year-old Oskar Schell. Oskar is in the denial stage of grief because he is keeping his father alive by going on one last grand adventure to find the story behind the key, thus keeping him alive. But of course, there is no reason for Oskar to have the key. Oskar tells Mr. Black, â€Å"There are so many ways to die, and I just need to know which one was his† (Foer, 257). Notice how hisRead MoreExtremely Loud and Incredibly Close, by Jonathan Safran Foer Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesWeird. If the relationship between the characters of Grandpa and Grandma could be described in one word, it would be weird. Then again, Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close is a shining example of everything unconventional, exploring the nuances of grief through multiple and varying perspectives, each with a unique approach that attempts to achieve recovery and solace. The relationship of Grandpa and Grandma is an example of one such attempt at recovery, one that triesRead MoreDeath Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare And Extremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer2049 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the two novel of â€Å" Hamlet† by William Shakespeare and â€Å" Extremely loud and incredibly close† by Jonathan Safran Foer, the two protagonists are demonstrated to have similar circumstances and as the way they get through their journey. In addition, both of the books use the theme of death, loss and forgiveness to develop their characters. Many famous experts claim that death is one of the primary themes of Hamlet. During the act, Ophelia is drowned and buried along side with PoloniusRead MoreThe Burning Towers By Sonya Freeman Loftis1585 Words   |  7 PagesLoftis further argues that Foer â€Å"[appropriates] an autistic narrative voice [allowing] the novel to explore the complex feelings of the neurotypical audience in stark black and white† (113). Loftis clearly takes issue with Foer’s technique, going on to argue that he â€Å"[renders] the natural human response to tragedy more simplistically comprehensible by relying on a false understanding of ASD that depends on divisive binaries†. This argument certainly has merit, as Foer uses many autistic traits toRead MoreExtremely Loud and Incredibly Close792 Words   |  4 Pages1) Works Cited Foer, Jonathan Safran. Extremely Loud Incredibly Close. Boston, MA: Mariner, 2005. Print. 2) Annotation This book is told through the eyes of an extremely smart and funny nine-year-old who is also the narrator, Jonathan Safran Foer. He tells a story of the effects of his fathers tragic death, in the 9/11 terrorist attack, on his father, Oskar Schell, and his family as a whole. Oskars father not only endured the pain of being trapped in the towers, but was killed due to

Life and works of loui prang Essay Example For Students

Life and works of loui prang Essay This essay discusses the life and work of 19th century chromolithographer Louis Prang, hailed as the greatest of American chromolithograph publishers. In it, I shall firstly introduce Louis Prang. Then I shall describe the graphic form which became known as chromolithography, after which I will have a look at Louis Prangs setting; his competitors and associates. After this I will focus on some examples of his work and the methods he used to produce them. Lastly I will summarize his contribution to the world of art and graphic design in particular. Louis Prang was born in Germany in Breslau (present day Poland) in 1824. He learnt the fundamentals of printing in his fathers fabric printing shop. In 1850, when Prang was twenty- six years old he immigrated to America and settled in Boston. He formed a chromolithographic firm with Julius Mayer in 1856 in which, initially, Julius Mayer printed the stones produced by Prang. Prangs colourful work was very popular and the firm grew rapidly. In 1860 Prang bought Mayers share in the company and changed its name to L. Prang and Company. Prangs company became a major lithographic firm and a benchmark of the era. A Lithograph was produced by firstly drawing the image on a flat stone surface in an oil based medium, the stone is then moistened with water which is repelled by the oil the surface is then inked with an oil based ink which is unable to adhere to the wet surface. A Chromolithograph is a coloured picture produced by making and superimposing multiple lithographic prints, each of which adds a different colour. The process of colour lithography was first experimented with in the early 1800s by Aloys Senefelder the inventor of lithography, while chromolithography was patented in 1837 by a French printer Godefroy Engelmann. When Prang set up shop in Boston there were already several lithographic firms in operation one such firm which provided a source of inspiration as well as competition was Bufford and later his sons also. Bufford often used five or more colours in his work; he laid his colour prints down before printing a final layer of black which assembled his image, for an example of his work see the Swedish song quartet. Buffords firms quality steadily declined after 1870, after Buffords death, and finally folded in 1890. Buffords firm was then only in competition with Prangs during Prangs first years of operation. Unlike Bufford, Prang opted not to use a black master plate but to rather build up an image from subtler colours in an effort to print with a closer likeness to the natural colours in the paintings he was reproducing. (See the visual explanation he gives with Prangs Prize Babies.) Currier and Ives, which operated from 1857-1907 were his biggest competitors and were based in New York Ci ty. Currier and Ives mostly reproduced scenes from battle and landscape paintings. They too, followed the style of Bufford and sons including the use of a black final print. Their work was slightly less sensitive than that of Louis Prangs but because they used fewer stones they were able to compete because of their prices. Prang and his company produced many chromolithographs during his career including scenes from the Civil War, art reproductions, scrap-album art and cards, particularly Christmas cards. Prang is noted for his firm grasp of colour, he put vivid colour in the lives of every citizen by publishing literally millions of art bits, Bits of art he called scrap, collecting these and arranging them along with other treasures in scrap albums became a major Victorian pastime. Many of the scrap pieces were depictions of wildflowers, children, butterflies, animals and birds, and the scrap albums became the expression of the nostalgic sweetness of the era. By the late 1860s Prang was producing work that was suitable for framing. Prang reproduced the paintings of many of Americas leading artists in his prints, including those by A.F. Tait, Eastman Johnson, Thomas Moran, F.S. Church, and Albert Bierstadt. Often the artist worked in collaboration with Prang to produce the piece and more often than not both the artist and public would regard the reproduction as a piece of art in its own right. In Prangs Chromo, a magazine he launched in the late 1860s, he advertised his prints in this way:Prangs American Chromos. The Democracy of Art . . . Our Chromo Prints are absolute FACSIMILES of the originals, in color, drawing, and spirit, and their price is so low that every home may enjoy the luxury of possessing a copy of works of art, which hitherto adorned only the parlors of the rich. Besides reproducing fine art, Prang was constantly pushing the edges of format for this new media. In 1873 Prang produced small colour trade cards which he distri buted at the Vienna International Exhibition; these were sold in bulk (over twenty thousand) with room for the traders information either on the back or in a space provided on the front. It was the suggestion of the wife of his London agent that the ribbon or scroll on the cards be filled in with a Christmas greeting and be sold as a Christmas card . These first Prang Christmas cards were sold in England and proved to be a great success. Two years later, in 1875, Prang started publishing and selling American Christmas cards. They were a great success, so much so that Prang became known as the Father of the Christmas Card regardless of the fact that he was not the first person to invent or produce them. His Christmas cards included popular theme icons such as St. Nick, reindeer, children and Christmas trees. His Christmas cards were followed by an entire range of cards for Easter, Valentines Day, New Years and birthday cards. His cards became an aspect of society, young ladies are sa id to have noted in their diaries how many Prangs they had received that year . So successful were his cards that he could not keep up with the demand and was printing approximately five million cards each year. Cards Dominated Prangs printing presses for most of the 1880s and as his card designs became more and more popular so the competition rose; his rivals began printing similar designs with fewer stones, undercutting the cost. Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Story EssayLouis Prang Prize Babies1888From Prangs book: Prangs Prize Babies: How This Picture Is Made Boston: L. Prang Co., 1888 Prang developed this image in his book Prangs Prize Babies: How This Picture is Made to showcase his developments and refinement of chromolithography. In it he shows each progressive print from the first layer of printing to the last and nineteenth of the popular print, Prangs Prize Babies Prangs Prize Babies was a book sold door-to-door by traveling salesmen and saleswomen. The thirty-eight progressive proof prints (one of which is shown here) were printed in a limited edition given to those who sold the most prints, as an encouragement for their successful sales record. J.F. Herring. Just Caught. Boston: L. Prang, ca.1860- 1880s. 19.7 cm x 32.5cm.An British Sporting print which was measured against the American sporting images by Tait, Prang issued British sporting prints, for these were as popular in the nineteenth centur y America, particularly amoungst the naturalized citizens, as they are today. This bright image based on one of the greatest of the British artists of this genre, J.F. Herring. Snowy Owl plate and cover page from Louis Prangs Natural History Series vol. 11 cm x 7 cm. This Chromolithograph of an illustrated Snowy Owl was published in Louis Prangs Natural History Series in 1872.The inscription on the page border reads: O. Birds of prey / F. Owls / 22 in. 1. Wings 4 ft. / N. America ; N. Eu.Louis Prang was Americas first real art educator as he believed that all children should study art in the same way that they study language, for instance. In his day, art education was only for amateur artists and young ladies in finishing school. Louis Prang believed that artistic experience and observation quickens the imagination and independence of expression. When he wanted to teach his daughter art, Louis Prang realized the serious lack of art educational material and developed instructional g uides as well as a complete educational curriculum then trained the countrys first art instructors. He printed reproductions of famous art works and published the first American art textbooks: Art in the School Room and Art Education in High Schools. In one such book from 1880, he says drawing is the language of form: Art Education is the development of this language, and consists of the appreciation of it in industry and general culture.Louis Prang contributed an amazing amount to the area of American art by being entrepreneurial, committed and innovative. He established a successful and competitive printing firm, refined the process of chromolithography to reproduce subtle hues as those found in oil paintings. His reproductions made fine art more accessible to regular people. He produced scenes from the Civil War of America Which help future generations to understand the period. He initiated the tradition of buying and giving Christmas Cards by producing beautiful cards. Finally, Throughout his Career he was constantly looking for aspects of the art field in which he could make a contribution, he did this by publishing magazines and book amoung other things. This attitude also caused him to become the first American art educator, which led him to publish further works on art education. bib:The Philadelphia Print Shop, Ltd. www.philaprintshop.com Last updated February 3, 2005 Penne L. Restad, Christmas In America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), page 118. The Dixon Ticonderoga Companies ( the Continued Prang Co.) www.dixonusa.comPictur from The Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA lcweb2.loc.govPrint Collection of Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public LibraryWebsites and reading material:Phillip B Meggs; A History of Graphic DesignUniversity of Delaware: www.lib.udel.eduThe Art of the Print: www.theartoftheprint.comAntiques and Collectibles, Father of the American Christmas card: www.suite101.com/article.cfmLivaudais Christmas Card Collection: www.livaudaisnet.comAbsolute arts: www.absolutearts.com/arthistoryM.A. Stankiewics; Roots of Art Education